Application of Biotechnology 1

biotech is a field of utilise biology that involves the use of victuals organisms and bioprocesses in engineer, technology, medicine and separate fields requiring bioproducts. The fancy encompasses a wide set off of procedures for modifying living organisms according to human purposes. For thousands of twelvemonths, humans pass on apply selective breeding to better production of swans and livestock to use them for food. In selective breeding, organisms with desirable characteristics be paired to produce offspring with the same characteristics. For example, this proficiency was used with corn to produce the largest and sweetest crops.In the early twentieth century scientists gained a greater understanding of microbiology and explored ways of manufacturing special(prenominal) proposition products. Biotechnology has also led to the victimization of antibiotics. In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered the baffle Penicillium. It is use to treat bacterial infections in humans. The first use of biotechnology was used in fermentation. Through place the use of cultivation, farmers lead inadvertently altered the transmitteds of their crops by dint of introducing them to new environments and breeding them with other plants 1 of the first forms of biotechnology.Applications Biotechnology has applications in four-spot major industrial beas, including health plow (medical), crop production and agriculture, non food (industrial) uses of crops and other products (e. g. biodegradable plastics, vegetable oil, biofuels), and environmental uses. Biotechnology is also used to recycle, treat waste, whitened up sites foul by industrial activities (bioremediation), and also to produce biological weapons. 1. music a. Genetic exam Genetic interrogatory involves the direct examination of the DNA grain itself.A scientist scans a patients DNA try out for mutated sequences. The tests can key mutations associated with r ar genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis, sickle stall anemia, and Huntingtons disease. Gene tests may not detect every(prenominal) mutation associated with a particular condition because many are as yet undiscovered Gene testing is used for 1. Determining sex 2. forensic/identity testing 3. Newborn covering 4. Prenatal diagnostic screening. b. Human Genome hurl The Human Genome Project is an initiative of the U. S. segment of Energy.It has helped us to determine the exact chemical sequence that constitutes the DNA in every cellular telephone of a human body. It has the following reinforcements 1. Doctors could drip droplets of our genes into a biochip to figure out if we have cancer that could kill or a disease that would respond to a particular drug. 2. Scientists could analyse selective genes from parents and could object babies before conception. c. Cloning Cloning in biology is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms much(prenomi nal)(prenominal) as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce asexually.It involves the removal of the nucleus from one cell and its organisation in an unfertilized formal cell whose nucleus has either been deactivated or removed. thither are devil types of cloning 1. generative cloning. After a few divisions, the egg cell is placed into a uterus where it is allowed to develop into a fetus that is genetically identical to the donor of the original nucleus. 2. therapeutic cloning. The egg is placed into a Petri pocketbook where it develops into embryonic stem cells, which have shown potentials for treating some(prenominal) ailments. 2. Agriculture a.Crop engender victimization the techniques of juvenile biotechnology, one or 2 genes may be transferred to a exceedingly developed crop variety to chip in a new character that would increase its yield. However, while increases in crop yield are the to the highest degree obvious applications of modern biotechnology in agriculture , it is also the most difficult one. Current genetic engineering techniques work best for final results that are cookled by a single gene. some of the genetic characteristics associated with yield (e. g. , enhanced growth) are controlled by a large public figure of genes, each of which has a minimal effect on the overall yield.There is, therefore, much scientific work to be do in this area. b. Reduced vulnerability of crops to environmental stresses Crops containing genes that will enable them to withstand biotic and abiotic stresses may be developed. For example, drought and as well salty mark are two important limiting factors in crop productivity. Researchers have also created transgenic rice plants that are resistant to rice yellow mist virus (RYMV). In Africa, this virus destroys majority of the rice crops and makes the surviving plants more nonresistant to fungal infections. . Reduced colony on fertilizers, pesticides and other agrochemicals Most of the current comm ercial message applications of modern biotechnology in agriculture are on reducing the dependence of farmers on agrochemicals. For example, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a soil bacterium that produces a protein with insecticidal qualities. Crops have also been genetically engineered to acquire tolerance to broad-spectrum herbicide. septuple applications of numerous herbicides were routinely used to control a wide range of spate species detrimental to agronomic crops. 3.Bioremediation and biodegradation Biotechnology is existence used to engineer and adapt organisms peculiarly microorganisms in an effort to find sustainable ways to clean up contaminated environments. The elimination of a wide range of pollutants and wastes from the environment is an absolute requirement to drive a sustainable development of our familiarity with low environmental impact. Biological processes romance a major role in the removal of contaminants and biotechnology is taking advantage of the astoni shing catabolic versatility of microorganisms to degrade/ transform such compounds.Marine environments are specially vulnerable since oil spills of coastal regions and the present sea are poorly containable and moderation is difficult. In addition to pollution through human activities, millions of tons of petroleum take part the marine environment every year from natural seepages. Despite its toxicity, a extensive fraction of petroleum oil ingress marine systems is eliminated by the hydrocarbon-degrading activities of microbial communities.